Jobs are lost to automation all over the world, but new jobs and occupations are also created through technology. The authors of this article estimate that around 22 per cent of all jobs in Helsinki are at high risk to be replaced by 2030.

The rates of employment and unemployment in Helsinki have seen considerable variation between 1987 and 2016, the period examined in this article. At the end of 2016, the trend in unemployment has finally taken a turn for the better after a long difficult period. However, long-term unemployment remains at a record high.

Since 2003, Helsinki has regularly surveyed residents’ perceptions of security. Perceived insecurity is more of a problem for women than for men, and exposure to violence or threats quite understandably increase people’s sense of insecurity.